An Introduction to Comparative Legal Models of Criminal Justice【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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1 An Introduction to the Study of Comparative Legal Models1

Key Terms1

Introduction2

Words of Art5

Legal Models5

Jurisprudence5

Natural Law5

Positive Law Approach6

Historical Approach6

Law as an Instrument of Control7

Function of a Court System8

Brief Examination of the Legal Models8

Roman Law9

Revival of Roman Law12

Commercial Law13

Civil Law Model13

Common Law Model14

Islamic Model15

Socialist Model16

Mixed-Legal Model17

Law Enforcement Systems19

Punishments20

Comparative Violence21

Summary21

Questions in Review22

2 Common Law Model： The Courts25

Key Terms25

Introduction26

Henry Ⅱ27

The Magna Carta27

Sir Edward Coke28

Sir William Blackstone29

Common Law in the United States31

U.S.Court Systems Today32

Federal System32

U.S.Court of Appeals32

U.S.District Courts33

U.S.Magistrates34

Participants in a Criminal Case34

Trial Judge35

Defendant36

Prosecuting Attorney36

Law in Action： The Case of Wen Ho Lee39

State Attorney General49

Defense Counsel50

The Right to Represent Oneself51

Privileged Communication51

Clerk of the Court52

Bailiff53

Court Reporter53

Court Commissioners53

English Court System Today53

Court of Queen’s or King’s Bench54

Supreme Court of Judicature54

Magistrates’ Court55

Crown Court55

Royal Courts of Justice56

Comparisons between the United States and the United Kingdom56

Practice of Law59

Canadian Legal System61

Court Structure62

Provincial and Territorial Superior Courts63

Provincial and Territorial Courts64

The Judiciary64

Right to Fair Trial versus Freedom of the Press64

Scottish Legal System64

Australian Legal System65

Legal System66

Classification of Crimes66

Summary66

Questions in Review67

3 Policing and Corrections under the Common Law Model69

Key Terms69

Policing in Common Law Countries69

Deviance Control or Civil Order Control70

Policing Models70

Local Policing in the United States and England71

Local Policing in the United States72

Mission of Local Police Departments73

Local Policing in England and Wales74

Hiring Requirements for U.S.and English Police Officers75

Salaries for English and U.S.Police Officers76

Training of New Officers77

Police Powers and Use of Discretion78

Community Policing under the Common Law Model79

Policing in Canada79

Corrections in Common Law Countries84

Sentencing87

In the United States87

In the United Kingdom and Wales89

Sentencing in the United Kingdom90

Confinement90

Rates of Incarceration90

Approaches to Confinement in the United States91

English Purposes of Confinement91

Prisons Ombudsman93

Alternatives to Incarceration93

Corporal Punishment94

Fines94

Probation94

Probation in England95

Probation in the United States95

House Arrest97

Death Penalty98

Summary99

Questions in Review100

4 Civil Law Model： The Courts101

Key Terms101

Introduction101

Early Tribal and Feudal Laws102

Early Legislation102

Influence of Roman Law103

Canon Law104

Commercial Law105

Development of National Legal Systems105

Napoleonic Code106

German Legal Science107

Codes in Civil and Common Law Models109

Inquisitorial Prosecution110

German Civil Law System110

Rights of the Accused in a German Criminal Trial115

Principle of Territoriality118

Criminal Justice in France119

Criminal Justice in Brazil121

Summary124

Questions in Review125

5 Policing and Corrections under the Civil Law Model127

Key Terms127

Introduction127

Law Enforcement in France128

Law Enforcement in Germany130

Law Enforcement in Brazil132

Corrections under the Civil Law Model133

Pre-trial Diversion135

Plea Bargaining136

Confinement138

Probation139

Parole140

Death Penalty141

Fines141

Summary142

Questions in Review143

6 The Islamic Law Model： The Courts145

Key Terms145

Introduction145

Origins and Evolution148

Sources149

Fundamental Principles150

Structure of Penal Law151

Murder under Islamic Law152

Evidence of Guilt153

Confessions153

Testimony of Eyewitnesses154

Other Evidence154

Doubt as to Guilt154

Saudi Arabia156

Criminal Cases157

Pakistan159

Iran160

Summary161

Questions in Review162

7 Policing and Corrections under the Islamic Legal Model163

Key Terms163

Introduction163

Saudi Policing164

The Saudi Record on Human Rights166

Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment167

Arbitrary Arrest, Detention, or Exile167

Policing in Pakistan168

Policing in Iran169

Corrections170

Amputation173

Blood Money173

Aid to Prisoners’ Families174

Corrections in Iran175

Corrections in Pakistan175

Summary176

Questions in Review176

8 The Socialist Law Model： The Courts177

Key Terms177

Introduction177

Legal System of Russia178

People’s Republic of China180

Crimes183

Court System183

Confessions184

Law of Search and Seizure185

Rights of an Accused185

Court Procedures186

Legal System of Cuba186

Court Structure188

Trial Procedure188

Extradition from Cuba189

Summary189

Questions in Review190

9 Policing and Corrections under the Socialist Law Model191

Key Terms191

Introduction191

Public Trust and Community Policing192

Policing in Russia193

Policing in the People’s Republic of China194

Use of Force by Police in China196

Police Detention197

Public Crime Statistics197

Policing in Cuba198

Corrections in Russia199

Imprisonment in Russia199

Corrections in China200

Chinese Prisons202

Early Release of Prisoners202

Prison Conditions202

Corrections in Cuba203

Range of Punishments203

Confinement in Cuba203

Summary204

Questions in Review205

10 Mixed Law Models207

Key Terms207

Introduction207

Bulgarian System of Law207

Bulgarian Court System208

Bulgarian Prosecutors209

Crime Classification209

Trial Procedure209

Bulgarian Police System210

Corrections in Bulgaria211

Confinement in Bulgaria211

Indian System of Law212

Indian Legal History212

Crime Classifications in India213

Indian Court System214

Policing in India215

Criminal Process in India216

Prosecutors217

Corrections in India217

Confinement in India218

Sri Lankan System of Law218

Criminal Justice System219

Crime Classification219

Sri Lanka’s Court System219

Policing in Sri Lanka220

Trial Procedures220

Sentencing Process221

Confinement in Sri Lanka221

Summary222

Questions in Review222

11 International Courts225

Key Terms225

Introduction225

International Criminal Court225

The United States and the ICC226

Establishment of the Court227

President of the ICC227

Judicial Divisions228

Prosecutor228

Registry228

Other Offices228

Jurisdiction and Admissibility228

Procedure229

Duties of States That Are Parties230

Selected Court Cases231

Trial Procedure of the ICC234

International Court of Justice235

Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ)237

Establishment of the International Court of Justice (ICJ)238

Resolution of Cases238

Practice Directions239

Jurisdiction of the ICJ240

Contentious Cases240

Advisory Proceedings241

Court of Justice of the European Communities241

Proceedings before the Court244

Court of First Instance247

Examples of Cases Brought before the Court of First Instance249

Civil Service Tribune251

Summary251

Questions in Review252

12 International Criminal Justice Agencies and Associations253

Key Terms253

Introduction253

Interpol253

Structure254

Core Functions254

Trafficking in Human Beings255

Corruption256

Child Sexual Exploitation256

Public Safety and Terrorism257

Drugs257

Criminal Organizations258

Financial and High-tech Crimes259

Fugitive Investigative Services259

Interpol’s Other Areas of Crime260

National Central Reference Points Network260

International Cyber-crime Conference261

Europol261

The Europol Computer System (TECS)262

International Association of Chiefs of Police262

International Police Association263

United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Network264

U.N.Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice264

International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy265

Criminal Justice Reform Unit266

Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention267

Institutes of the U.N.Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme Network268

Commission on Narcotic Drugs269

U.N.Terrorism Prevention Branch269

International Narcotics Control Board269

Transnational Organized Crime269

Trafficking in Humans270

United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children271

Trafficking in Firearms275

International Police Executive Symposium275

International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism277

Organization of American States278

Child Wise279

Summary279

Questions in Review280

APPENDIX A： ICC Arrest Warrant for Thomas Lubanga Dyilo281

APPENDIX B： First Appearance before the International Criminal Court in Case of Prosecutor V.Thomas&Lubanga Dyilo285

APPENDIX C： Excerpts from the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy Resolution Sixtieth Session： Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly295

References305

Index311